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<div>Thanks!!!<br>
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Sent from my iPhone</div>
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On May 18, 2015, at 8:40 AM, Pfander, Jeanne L - (jpfander) <<a href="mailto:jpfander@email.arizona.edu">jpfander@email.arizona.edu</a>> wrote:<br>
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<div>I did a RP post on this last week but won't hurt to repeat and comment on Partners involved.<br>
- Jeanne</div>
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On May 18, 2015, at 6:58 AM, "Hutchinson, Barbara S - (bhutchin)" <<a href="mailto:BarbaraH@cals.arizona.edu">BarbaraH@cals.arizona.edu</a>> wrote:<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal">FYI – note references which include Rangelands Partnership members!<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:2.25pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:16.8pt">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><a href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CoolGreenScience/~3/WgG827G4qoY/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email"><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#000099;text-decoration:none">The
Sagebrush Sea: The “Land In Between” Finally Gets the Spotlight</span></b></a> <o:p>
</o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#555555">Posted: 18 May 2015 02:55 AM PDT<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:140%"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><a href="http://blog.nature.org/science/?attachment_id=46974"><b><span style="color:#000099;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="600" height="426" id="_x0000_i1025" src="http://blog.nature.org/science/files/2015/05/Antelope-Springs-Lek-Sage-Grouse-33.jpg" alt="This week PBS Nature airs The Sagebrush Sea, celebrating the often unappreciated sagebrush ecosystem and its inhabitants. Photo: © Scott Copeland"></span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">This week PBS Nature airs The Sagebrush Sea, celebrating the often unappreciated sagebrush ecosystem and its inhabitants. Photo: © Scott Copeland<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">By Holly Copeland</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">This week,
<a href="http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/sagebrush-sea-about/12170/"><b><span style="color:#000099;text-decoration:none">PBS Nature airs
<i>The Sagebrush Sea</i></span></b></a>, an exquisite film that offers an unprecedented glimpse into the complex and abundant life within the sage.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">There are numerous natural history films on high-profile ecosystems like rainforest and tundra but strangely, sagebrush has been largely overlooked as an empty ecosystem
located between lush and beautiful mountain ranges. It’s a perception that couldn’t be further from the truth given that approximately 350 species depend on sagebrush (Wisdom et al. 2005).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Filmed largely in Wyoming where nearly 40% of the sage-grouse population resides, the documentary features showy displays of male grouse as they compete for females at communal
breeding sites called leks, the trials for a hen in raising a successful brood, migrating mule deer, and the rearing of a golden eagle chick.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">This film comes at a crucial moment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">An ecological transformation has been taking place across western sage for centuries. Since the 1800s, we brought cattle and machinery for ranching, farming, and mining.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Through heavy prolonged grazing and the introduction of exotic annual grasses, we altered the natural balance between sage and the native bunchgrass and forb understory,
and affected the fire regime (Davies et al. 2011, Boyd et al. 2014).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">To satiate our thirst for energy, we drilled and fractured rock thousands of feet beneath the earth to release and burn the gas, and pump out oil, or mine for coal. The
energy generated by wind, oil and gas and coal is consumed by populations reaching out to all coasts.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Flip on a light anywhere in the US and there is a reasonable likelihood that at least some of the electricity was produced from fuels or wind in the West.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">As a result of our choices, native plants and animals of sagebrush ecosystems are largely in decline (Connelly and Braun 1997, Braun 1998, Sawyer et al. 2006, Davies 2011,
Gilbert and Chalfoun 2011).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Sage-grouse, in particular, are dependent on sagebrush throughout their life cycle, and thrive in large, unfragmented expanses of sagebrush (Holloran and Anderson 2005).We
know without question that grouse avoid habitats with increasing well density and roads, (Walker et al. 2007, Doherty et al. 2008, Carpenter et al. 2010) human activity (Dzialak et al. 2012) and are affected by increasing levels of noise (Blickley et al. 2012,
Patricelli et al. 2013).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Due to estimated range wide declines of 60% (2% per year) since 1965 (Connelly et al. 2004), sage-grouse are now under consideration for listing under the Endangered Species
Act. The potential listing decision has sparked a national debate on threatened species and how best to conserve them. Most states have crafted sage-grouse conservation strategies to prevent a listing.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">While our collective effort to protect sage-grouse to date is laudable, millions of acres of sagebrush are already leased for oil and gas, and thus likely to see more fragmentation.
And, while restoration efforts abound, the truth remains that restoration of sagebrush is extremely difficult, especially in the most arid regions. In some places it may not really be possible at all.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:140%"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><a href="http://blog.nature.org/science/?attachment_id=46975"><b><span style="color:#000099;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="600" height="338" id="_x0000_i1026" src="http://blog.nature.org/science/files/2015/05/sagebrush-seedlings.jpg" alt="Sagebrush seedlings. Photo: © Casey Balthrop"></span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Sagebrush seedlings. Photo: © Casey Balthrop<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">On the flip side, hope for the sagebrush ecosystem is everywhere.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Teams working on restoration have made intriguing progress, such as in Douglas, Wyoming where thousands of sagebrush plants have been patiently grown in greenhouses and
planted in an effort to restore lands from a wildfire.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Regional planning efforts are underway throughout sage-grouse range, and where implemented have resulted in
<a href="http://www.doi.gov/news/pressreleases/interior-department-barrick-gold-of-north-america-and-the-nature-conservancy-announce-partnership-to-protect-sagebrush-habitat.cfm">
<b><span style="color:#000099;text-decoration:none">commitments by industry</span></b></a> to do more to mitigate their impacts and to improve range conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Strategic efforts by the
<a href="http://www.sagegrouseinitiative.com"><b><span style="color:#000099;text-decoration:none">Sage-Grouse Initiative</span></b></a> are working to restore juniper encroached areas (Baruch-Mordo et al. 2013), improve grazing practices and secure conservation
easements to benefit both grouse <i>and</i> mule deer (Copeland et al. 2014). All told, they’ve partnered with over one thousand ranchers and enhanced 4.4 million acres, an area that is twice the size of Yellowstone National Park.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">And finally, there is the promise of distributed solar energy as a
<a href="http://www.vox.com/2015/4/28/8506953/solar-photovoltaic-future"><b><span style="color:#000099;text-decoration:none">truly transformative technology</span></b></a> that can shift our need away from large-scale industrial energy to rooftop systems that
provide the energy we need without fragmenting and polluting our remaining intact ecosystems. Stories emerge daily about
<a href="http://www.engadget.com/2014/04/23/google-sunpower-solar-panel-fund/"><b><span style="color:#000099;text-decoration:none">companies</span></b></a> and
<a href="http://blog.nature.org/science/2015/02/25/going-solar-family-home-project-renewable-clean-energy-zero-emissions/">
<b><span style="color:#000099;text-decoration:none">families</span></b></a> large and small, including my
<a href="http://blog.nature.org/science/2015/02/25/going-solar-family-home-project-renewable-clean-energy-zero-emissions/">
<b><span style="color:#000099;text-decoration:none">own</span></b></a>, reaping the economic benefits of solar.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">My great hope is that this film will elevate the national conversation on the sagebrush ecosystem and that better understanding of what is at stake will motivate the public
and our leaders to conserve the remaining intact sagebrush and to ensure that the best science is used to manage grazing and to guide restoration efforts.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:140%"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><a href="http://blog.nature.org/science/?attachment_id=46976"><b><span style="color:#000099;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="600" height="370" id="_x0000_i1027" src="http://blog.nature.org/science/files/2015/05/Warm-Alkali-Lek-Sage-Grouse-2.jpg" alt="Sage grouse display on their mating grounds. Photo: © Scott Copeland"></span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Sage grouse display on their mating grounds. Photo: © Scott Copeland<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">We have arrived at a profound moment in the era of Western conservation. The test is whether we truly have the willpower to preserve the remnants of our natural heritage.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">It will require cooperation, meaningful and open dialogue, acting in good faith, and hard choices. We must resist pressure to ignore leading science when it is not convenient.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">We are amidst a shift in consciousness, “the great turning,” as ecologist Joanna Macy calls it. A new generation is ready to meet these challenges with new tools and to
do things differently than in the past.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">In that sense, the sage-grouse strutting in front of a well at the end of the film, if it knew, would have every reason to be hopeful for the future to come, as am I.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">References</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Baruch-Mordo, S., J. S. Evans, J. P. Severson, D. E. Naugle, J. D. Maestas, J. M. Kiesecker, M. J. Falkowski, C. A. Hagen, and K. P. Reese. 2013. Saving sage-grouse from
the trees: A proactive solution to reducing a key threat to a candidate species. Biological Conservation
<b>167</b>:233-241.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Blickley, J., Blackwood D, and G. Patricelli. 2012. Experimental evidence for the effects of chronic anthropogenic noise on abundance of Greater sage-grouse at leks. Conservation
Biology <b>26</b>:461-471.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Boyd, C. S., J. L. Beck, and J. A. Tanaka. 2014. Livestock Grazing and Sage-Grouse Habitat: Impacts and Opportunities. Journal of Rangeland Applications
<b>1</b>:58-77.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Braun, C. E. 1998. Sage grouse declines in western North America: what are the problems? Proceedings of the Western Association of State Fish and Wildlife Agencies Pages
139-156.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Carpenter, J., C. Aldridge, and M. S. Boyce. 2010. Sage-Grouse Habitat Selection During Winter in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management
<b>74</b>:1806-1814.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Connelly, J. W., and C. Braun. 1997. Long-term changes in sage grouse Centrocercus urophasianus populations in western North America. Wildlife Biology
<b>3</b>:229-234.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Connelly, J. W., S. T. Knick, M. A. Schroeder, and S. J. Stiver. 2004. Conservation assessment of greater sage-grouse and sagebrush habitats. Western Association of Fish
and Wildlife Agencies, Cheyenne, WY.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Copeland, H. E., H. Sawyer, K. L. Monteith, D. E. Naugle, A. Pocewicz, N. Graf, and M. J. Kauffman. 2014. Conserving migratory mule deer through the umbrella of sage-grouse.
Ecosphere <b>5(9)</b>:1-16.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Davies, K. W. 2011. Plant community diversity and native plant abundance decline with increasing abundance of an exotic annual grass. Oecologia
<b>167</b>:481-491.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Davies, K. W., C. S. Boyd, J. L. Beck, J. D. Bates, T. J. Svejcar, and M. A. Gregg. 2011. Saving the sagebrush sea: An ecosystem conservation plan for big sagebrush plant
communities. Biological Conservation <b>144</b>:2573-2584.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Doherty, K. E., D. E. Naugle, B. L. Walker, and J. M. Graham. 2008. Greater Sage-Grouse winter habitat selection and energy development. Journal of Wildlife Management
<b>72</b>:187-195.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Dzialak, M. R., C. V. Olson, S. M. Harju, S. L. Webb, and J. B. Winstead. 2012. Temporal and hierarchical spatial components of animal occurrence: conserving seasonal habitat
for greater sage-grouse. Ecosphere <b>3</b>:art30.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Gilbert, M. M., and A. D. Chalfoun. 2011. Energy development affects populations of sagebrush songbirds in Wyoming. The Journal of Wildlife Management
<b>75</b>:816-824.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Holloran, M. J., and S. H. Anderson. 2005. Spatial distribution of Greater Sage-Grouse nests in relatively contiguous sagebrush habitats. Condor
<b>107</b>:742-752.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:140%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Patricelli, G., J. Blickley, and S. Hooper. 2013. Recommended management strategies to limit anthropogic noise impacts on greater sage-grouse in Wyoming. Human-Wildlife
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Sawyer, H., R. M. Nielson, F. Lindzey, and L. Mcdonald. 2006. Winter habitat selection of mule deer before and during development of a natural gas field. Journal of Wildlife
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Walker, B. L., D. E. Naugle, and K. E. Doherty. 2007. Greater sage-grouse population response to energy development and habitat loss. Journal of Wildlife Management
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Wisdom, M. J., M. M. Rowland, and L. H. Suring, editors. 2005. Habitat threats in the sagebrush ecosystem: methods of regional assessment and applications in the Great Basin.
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<i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">Opinions expressed on Cool Green Science and in any corresponding comments are the personal opinions of the original authors and do not necessarily reflect the views
of the Nature Conservancy. </span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:140%;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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