<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><head><meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=ks_c_5601-1987"><meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 14 (filtered medium)"><!--[if !mso]><style>v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
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</style><![endif]--><title>Re: How Humans Crossed the Green Sahara: ?Venue at Institute of the Environment or Geography for visiting speaker?</title><style><!--
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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>On Behalf of SNRE:</span><u><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class=MsoNormal><u><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p><span style='text-decoration:none'> </span></o:p></span></u></p><p class=MsoNormal><u><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p><span style='text-decoration:none'> </span></o:p></span></u></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Nick Drake (King¡¯s College London) will present a seminar titled:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>¡°How fish swam across the green Sahara: implications for the peopling of the desert and the ¡®out of Africa¡¯ hypothesis¡±<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Location: Biosciences East 225<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Date/time: 4pm Tuesday Feb 14<sup>th<o:p></o:p></sup></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:center'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Evidence increasingly suggests that sub-Saharan Africa is at the center of human evolution and understanding routes of dispersal ¡°out of Africa¡± is thus becoming increasingly important. The Sahara Desert is considered by many to be an obstacle to these dispersals and a Nile corridor route has been proposed to cross it. Here we provide evidence that the Sahara was not an effective barrier and indicate how both animals and humans populated it during past humid phases. Analysis of the zoogeography of the Sahara shows that more animals crossed via this route than used the Nile corridor. Furthermore, many of these species are aquatic. This dispersal was possible because during the Holocene humid period the region contained a series of linked lakes, rivers, and inland deltas comprising a large interlinked waterway, channeling water and animals into and across the Sahara, thus facilitating these dispersals. This system was last active in the early Holocene when many species appear to have occupied the entire Sahara. However, species that require deep water did not reach northern regions because of weak hydrological connections. Human dispersals were influenced by this distribution; Nilo-Saharan speakers hunting aquatic fauna with barbed bone points occupied the southern Sahara, while people hunting Savannah fauna with the bow and arrow spread southward. The dating of lacustrine sediments show that the ¡°green Sahara¡± also existed during the last interglacial (</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#1F497D'>¡</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>125 ka) and provided green corridors that could have formed dispersal routes at a likely time for the migration of modern humans out of Africa.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Please publicize this as widely as you can as it not part of an official seminar series. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Best wishes and thanks for your support,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Dave<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:center'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=816 height=1056 id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image001.jpg@01CCE009.8E01C570"></span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></body></html>